Research has shown that parental involvement in a child's development has a significant effect on the educational achievement of minority children. According to sociologist
Annette Lareau, differences in
parenting styles can affect a child's future achievement. In her book
Unequal Childhoods, she argues that there are two main types of parenting: concerted cultivation and the achievement of natural growth.
- Concerted cultivation is usually practiced by middle-class parents, regardless of their race. These parents are more likely to be involved in their children's education, encourage their children's participation in extracurricular activities or sports teams, and to teach their children how to successfully communicate with authority figures. These communication skills give children a form of social capital that help them communicate their needs and negotiate with adults throughout their life.
- The achievement of natural growth is generally practiced by poor and working-class families. These parents generally do not play as large a role in their children's education, their children are less likely to participate in extracurriculars or sports teams, and they usually do not teach their children the communication skills that middle- and upper-class children have. Instead, these parents are more concerned that their children obey authority figures and have respect for authority, which are two characteristics that are important to have in order to succeed in working-class jobs.