Vaccine Mandates Appeal: United Case
Highlighted, per usual. Also, noteworthy is the better shift to the job-or-jab choice as the irremediable injury without injunctive relief.
DAVID SAMBRANO, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
UNITED AIRLINES, INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellee.
INTRODUCTION AND NATURE OF EMERGENCY
“[E]ven in a pandemic,” religious liberty “cannot be put away and forgotten.” Roman Cath. Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, 141 S. Ct. 63, 68 (2020). United Airlines disagrees. After instituting a COVID-19 vaccine mandate, United’s CEO Scott Kirby publicly threatened employees “to be very careful about” requesting an accommodation. Hamilton Aff. ¶¶ 4, 15 (App.332-34). 1 As the district court noted, his “skepticism and apparent disdain for any religiously-motivated exemption requests” were illustrated by his warning that “very few” accommodations would be granted and that employees who even requested an accommodation were “putting [their] job on the line[.]” Nov. 8 Order at 15 (App.266). United made good on Kirby’s promise. For those requests it could not deny for technical and improper reasons, United issued a blanket unreasonable accommodation of unpaid leave until the end of the pandemic—effectively termination.
In ruling on Appellants’ motion for preliminary injunction, the district court recognized that “Plaintiffs’ arguments appear compelling and convincing” and that United’s fabricated reasons for not providing reasonable accommodations evidenced pretext. Id. at 13, 15 (App.264, 266). Yet the district court ruled that Appellants’ injuries did not constitute irreparable harm of the sort that would warrant a preliminary injunction—despite United’s continuing to exert leverage over its employees to compel them to forsake their beliefs on pain of losing their livelihoods. The district court’s error with respect to irreparable harm is plain: Decisions from this Court and the Supreme Court make clear that being put to such a choice constitutes irreparable harm, and they allow for a preliminary injunction—and an injunction pending appeal—to prevent such irreparable harm.
Indeed, forcing employees to choose between their faith and health on the one hand and their livelihoods on the other presents an impossible choice foreclosed by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). And for employees who acquiesce to United’s coercion and receive the COVID-19 vaccine against their beliefs or health, that decision is irreversible, and no remedy can compensate for it later.
But that is United’s goal—force employees to violate their faith and health to boost the company’s bottom line. There is no other explanation for United’s continuing to enforce a policy that—as the district court recognized—is pretextual, calloused, and disturbing. For United, advertising a 100% vaccinated workforce is evidently more important than its employees’ religious beliefs or health.
While the district court declined to acknowledge this harm as irreparable, it invited this Court’s guidance. Nov. 19 Order at 3-4 (App.295-96). Moreover, this Court recently addressed the same irreparable harm accompanying a vaccine mandate that puts employees to the same choice between “their job(s) and their jab(s).” BST Holdings, LLC v. OSHA, 17 F.4d 604, 2021 WL 5279381, *8 (5th Cir. 2021). BST teaches that harm to individuals resulting from an employer’s refusal to grant a reasonable religious exemption to a vaccine mandate infringes on principles that are “not reducible to dollars and cents,” and thus implicates more than just money damages. Id. at *20. Whether under the First Amendment or Title VII— which was designed to protect the same freedoms in the private workplace— impinging the freedom of religion in this way causes irreparable harm. Id. at *8. That harm is the same whether it results from an employer’s violation of the Constitution or a statute.
But that is not all. Appellants demonstrated numerous other irreparable harms: the inability to pay for necessary medical treatments, imminent homelessness, and permanently lost job opportunities for which money damages are no remedy. The district court’s only response to these harms was backpay and retroactive seniority. Nov. 8 Order at 6-13 (App.257-64). But that is no answer. While Appellants do not doubt that a court can award backpay, money damages cannot reverse the permanent health consequences of lost medical treatment, remedy extended homelessness, or reimburse an employee for unquantifiable lost job opportunities. Most importantly, backpay can never remedy the harm caused by forcing an employee to an unlawful choice between their faith or health and their livelihood. Ultimately, it is no answer to tell someone living paycheck to paycheck, and faced with putting food on the table during the holidays, that they should hold out on violating their conscience or their health because United may be forced to pay them money later. Religious and medical rights—whether under the Constitution or statutes such as Title VII—were never meant to be reserved for the rich.