OK, did a little research on marriage licenses and blood tests. (Who said the intarwebs isn't educational?)
First, it seems that marriage licenses were first issued by the state as a way to prevent interracial marriages - if you weren't both of the same race, you had to get permission from the state (a license). Eventually the practice spread to every couple, and in the 1940's (I think) a national law was enacted and every state adopted the policy.
Now we get to blood tests. I found the following interesting article:
http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/35320/35323/361888.html?d=dmtHMSContent
To summarize, blood tests were not given to check for blood type compatibility or to see if you are related; they were given to test for syphilis and rubella to prevent transmission to partner or to future children (and, they thought, to the rest of the population), and started in the 1930's and 40's.
So why abandon them?
There appears to be relatively little impact on either disease, especially considering the inconvenience and expense of testing all people planning to marry. Perhaps when sexually transmitted diseases were more common among couples planning to marry, screening made more sense. And, although the problem of sexually transmitted disease has certainly not gone away, studies since the 1970s have demonstrated remarkably few new cases of syphilis detected by premarital blood testing. According to a study in California, only 35 cases were detected among 300,000 persons tested in 1979. This translated into a cost of $240,000 for each case detected!
In addition, testing before marriage doesn't preclude getting an STD after marriage, plus both rubella and syphilis are routinely checked during pregnancy anyway.
The following states still require blood tests:
- Connecticut — A syphilis test is required for men and women; a rubella test is required for women.
- Georgia — A syphilis test is required for men and women; a rubella test is required for women.
- Indiana — A rubella test is required for women.
- Massachusetts — A syphilis test was required for men and women; and a rubella test was required for women. However, these requirements were eliminated in early 2005.
- Mississippi — A syphilis test is required for men and women.
- Montana — A rubella test is required for women.
- Oklahoma — A syphilis test is required for men and women.
- Washington, D.C.
In the case of Massachusetts, which recently dropped the requirements for premarital blood testing, officials stated that the detection rates for syphilis and rubella were nearly zero.
The article does mention that some screening has also included tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and HIV, but the HIV testing "did not last long at least in part because of very low detection rates."
Interesting, no?
Esprix